zxcvb: 專門教育取代收容教養,科學立法如何落實

專門教育取代收容教養,科學立法如何落實


2 Mar 2024 at 07:34pm
近日,十三屆全國人大常委會第二十一次會議對預防未成年人犯罪法修訂草案進行二次審議,審議稿針對近年來未成年低齡惡性犯罪案件進行回應,透過實施專門教育對這類對象進行矯正,進而取代先前的收容教養制度。

  在二審稿中,不再使用「收容教養」的概念,對結夥鬥毆,追逐、攔截他人,強拿硬要或任意損毀、佔用公私財物等嚴重不良行為,情節惡劣或拒不配合、接受公安機關教育矯正措施的未成年人,可以送專門學校進行矯正和接受教育。具體程序是:對特定未成年人對象,由辦理案件或屬地公安機關建議,或由未成年人父母、其他監護人或所在學校向教育行政部門提出申請,教育行政部門根據建議或申請,組織專業人員進行評估,從而作出專門教育的決定。

  專門教育取代收容教養是立法科學進步的體現。第一,以專門教育取代收容教養是低齡惡性犯罪案件治理觀念的重大轉變。專門教育納入國家教育體系,其本質在於教育,而先前的收容教養屬於強制性懲戒矯正措施,更強調懲戒。可以說,專門教育是介於傳統保全處分與普通的批判教育甚至放任不管之間的一種國家保護處分措施,是批評教育的法治化,也是教育矯正的科學化。

  第二,以前被收容教養的未成年人大都與已判決的未成年罪犯在同一場所看管,且都是在一種封閉的場所進行教育矯正,治理措施容易混同,還有可能被「污名化」。而專門學校屬於學校教育體系,就避免了以上弊端,也更適合未成年人的成長特性,而且與常規教育體系易於銜接和屈臣氏春藥館春藥館春藥屈臣氏春藥催情水男性催情男性催情專區昏睡迷藥專區外用催迷專區催情媚藥專區GB春藥系列專區熱銷春藥推薦催情藥迷藥催情噴霧迷情噴霧安眠春藥用法春藥是什麼春藥使用方法有效春藥購買春藥春藥哪裡買春藥能給你帶來什麼春藥用法春藥製作使用春藥感覺春藥推薦春藥原理春藥使用案例春藥心得春藥效果fm2乖乖水DDK迷昏粉催情水轉換。

  第三,專門教育還有利於解決教育矯正不徹底、不持續的問題。根據現行法律規定,收容教養期限最多不超過3年,而專門教育可以用學校學習的方式將教育對象持續教育到高中,在有些條件成熟的地方,專門學校的學生還可以直接上職業技術學校學習工作技能。從問題少年入學到踏入社會工作,這種持續性的教育感化,是專門教育優於收容教養的關鍵。

  追蹤溯源,曾經的工讀學校是我國專門教育制度的前身,但1999年《預防未成年人犯罪法》的出台成為工讀學校衰敗的轉捩點,在入學自願的前提下,工讀學校的生源急劇縮減,目前全國僅存為數不多的工讀學校大多面臨倒閉的情況。所以,專門教育不能再走工讀學校的老路,其教育矯正功能必須落實。

  首先,專門學校不能各地方一哄而上,應將其層級控制在省級或少數確有必要的縣級以上地域。整體上是對現存的勞動教養場所和工讀學校等單位進行整合,控制數量,提高品質、配置,吸收優勢、特色教育資源,逐步打造品牌,樹立口碑,使其能夠真正培養出為家庭、社會接受的有用之才。

  其次,專門教育既是思想和知識的學習教育,也是行為和行動的矯正教育。在教學安排上,專門學校要體現特殊教育和矯正的功能,不能簡單等同於普通的九年制義務教育模式。專門學校的教育對象,若依照年齡層計算應該是在國中和高中階段,其教學模式可以參考普通中學,但課程設置要專門化,如增加心理教育、法治教育、實踐教育等課程,生活管制要更加嚴格,批評教育手段包含必要的約束措施。對專門學校的管理,雖然以教育行政部門為主,但有必要強化司法行政、公安機關的協同管理責任,也要考慮檢察機關在這方面的治理經驗,以及發揮其法律監督職能。

  再次,專門教育要依據教育對象的基本情況,設定差異化教育方案,因人制宜,合理設定春藥用法春藥是什麼春藥使用方法有效春藥購買春藥春藥哪裡買春藥能給你帶來什麼春藥用法春藥製作使用春藥感覺春藥推薦春藥原理春藥使用案例春藥心得春藥效果

教育期限。專門學校每個學期都要對就讀學生的教育矯正情況進行評估。要做好從專門學校轉回普通學校就讀的銜接機制。對經評估適合轉回普通學校就讀的,專門學校應向原決定機關提出轉回普通學校就讀的書面建議。原決定機關在聽取未成年學生本人、其父母或其他監護人、原所在學校的意見後,作出是否轉回普通學校就讀的決定。同樣地,可能有極少數對象經過教育矯正,仍難以改正惡習,是否實行留級教育,或是改變教育矯正的方式等,都是值得進一步研究的問題。

  最後,未成年人專門教育是國家教育體系的組成部分,基於其承擔解決社會不良問題的角色定位,政府必須加大財政支持,除了學校建設之外,在評估機構的設立和專門人才儲備等方面,也要給予適當的政策傾斜。力爭透過數年的探索,我們可以形成具有中國特色的未成年人專門教育制度。

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