gfdhfdh: 麻疹的症狀麻疹病人的飲食宜忌

麻疹的症狀麻疹病人的飲食宜忌


26 Oct 2025 at 10:43pm
一、得了麻疹會有哪些症狀



(一)前驅期

  從發病到出疹約3~5日。主要症狀有發燒及上呼吸道卡他症狀,一般發燒低到中等度,亦有突發高熱伴隨驚厥者。流鼻水、刺激性乾咳、眼結膜充血、流淚、畏光等日漸加重,精神不振、厭食、肺部可聞到乾囉音。幼兒常有嘔吐、腹瀉,在軟顎、硬顎弓可出現一過性紅色細小內疹。在發病第2~3日可於雙側近臼齒頰黏膜處出現細砂樣灰白色小點,繞以紅暈,稱麻疹黏膜斑(Koplik'sspots)為本病早期特徵。黏膜斑可逐漸增多,互相融合,也可見於下唇內側及牙齦黏膜,偶見於上齶,一般維持16~18小時,有時延至1~2日,大多於出疹後1~2日內消失。

(二)出疹期

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  發病約3~5日後,全身症狀及上呼吸道症狀加劇,體溫可高達40℃,精神萎靡、嗜睡、厭食。首先於耳後髮際出現皮疹,迅速發展到面頸部,一日內自上而下蔓延到胸、背、腹及四肢,約2~3日內遍及手心、足底,此時頭面部皮疹已可開始隱退。皮疹約2~3mm大小,初呈淡紅色,散在,後漸密集鮮紅色,進而轉為暗紅色,疹間皮膚正常。出疹時全身淋巴結、肝、脾臟可腫大,肺部可聞乾粗囉音。

(三)恢復期

  皮疹出齊後依出疹順序隱退,留有棕*素斑,伴糠麩樣脫屑,約存在2~3週。隨皮疹隱退全身中毒症狀減輕,熱退,精神、食慾好轉,咳嗽改善而痊癒。整個病程約10~14天。

二、麻疹病人的飲食宜忌有哪些



  麻疹病人應在飲食方面給予營養豐富、高維生素、易消化的流逝、半流食,並注意補充水分,可給予果汁、先蘆根水等,少量、多次餵食,攝取過少者給予靜脈輸液,注意水電解質平衡。恢復期應逐漸增加食量。

  發燒期間給予清淡易消化的流質飲食,如牛奶、豆漿、蒸蛋等,常更換食物品種並做到少量多餐,以增加食慾利於消化。多餵開水及熱湯,利於排毒、退燒、透疹。恢復期應添加高蛋白、高維生素的食物。發燒或出疹期間,飲食宜清淡、少油膩。可進食流質飲食,如稀粥、藕粉、麵條及新鮮果汁、菜汁等。疹發不暢,可食香菜(香菜)汁、鮮魚、蝦湯、鮮筍湯等。出疹期間及恢復期宜吃荸薺、甘蔗汁、金針菜,蓮子、大棗、蘿蔔等煮飯。有合併症時,可用高熱流質及半流質飲食。多食牛奶、雞蛋、豆漿等易消化的蛋白質和含維生素C豐富的果汁和水果等。退燒或恢復期,逐步給予容易消化、吸收,營養價值高的食物。如牛奶、豆漿、豬肝泥、蒸魚、瘦肉、氽丸子、燴豆付、番茄炒蛋、嫩菜葉及新鮮的蔬果等。

三、麻疹易導致什麼併發症



1.呼吸道併發症

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  (1)肺炎:麻疹病毒感染常波及肺部,約一半以上麻疹患者有肺部病變,有麻疹病毒引起的肺炎多發生在病之早期。患者可有輕度氣促,肺部出現囉音,X光檢查肺門淋巴結增大,肺紋理增粗,兩肺過度充氣,肺小片浸潤,疹退後陰影消失較快。細菌或其他病毒引起的繼發性肺炎為麻疹最常見併發症,多見於出疹期,以嬰幼兒患病為嚴重。臨床上於皮疹出齊後發燒持續不降,氣急缺氧症狀加重,肺部囉音增多,中毒症狀加劇,尚可出現吐瀉、脫水、酸中毒等代謝紊亂,甚至出現昏迷驚厥、心臟衰竭等危急症狀。肺部X光片可見大片融合病灶。金黃色葡萄球菌肺炎易併發膿胸、肺膿瘍、心包膜炎等。病程反覆遷延不愈,長期尚可遺留支氣管擴張症。住院麻疹患者中大多併發肺炎,為引起麻疹死亡最主要的原因。

  (2)喉炎:麻疹過程輕度喉炎、氣管炎頗常見,有時會發展成嚴重急性喉炎或喉氣管支氣管炎,多屬細菌繼發性感染。出現聲音沙啞、哮吼、頻咳、呼吸困難、缺氧及胸部三凹徵等。呼吸道嚴重阻塞時必須及早進行氣管切開或插管,進行救援。

  (3)中耳炎:為麻疹常見併發症,多發生於年幼病兒,為繼發性細菌感染。患童哭吵不安,注意外耳道有無分泌物流出。



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